Introduction
Social exchange theory (ensemble) is a psychological and sociological theory which explains human relations in terms of cost-dispatches analysis. This suggests that people build and maintain relationships depending on the rewards and perceived costs. If a relationship offers more advantages than costs, individuals are likely to pursue it; Otherwise, they can end it.
This theory applies to friendships, romantic relationships, commercial interactions and even social groups.
Key hypotheses of social exchange theory
- People seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs
- Relations are like economic transactions where individuals are trying to obtain more advantages while reducing their losses.
- Example: a person can stay in a friendship because they receive emotional support and a company.
- Each relationship has awards and costs
- Awards: Love, respect, financial support, social status, emotional support or personal satisfaction.
- Costs: Time, energy, emotional stress, financial expenditure or conflicts.
- The level of comparison (CL) affects relational satisfaction
- People have expectations based on past experiences and societal standards.
- If a relationship meets or exceeds expectations, it feels satisfied.
- Example: if someone expects a daily affection from a partner but it receives little, they can feel dissatisfied.
- The level of comparison for alternatives (clalt) influences decisions
- People compare their current relationship to possible alternatives.
- If a better option is available, they can leave the current relationship.
- Example: An employee can leave his job if another company offers higher remuneration and better working conditions.
- Equity and equity
- People want balanced relationships where both parties also benefit from it.
- If a person gives more than she receives, he can feel exploited.
Applications of social exchange theory
1. Romantic relationships
- People remain in relationships when they feel valued, loved and supported.
- Ruptures occur when a partner feels that he gives more than what they receive.
2. Amines
- Friendships thrive when the two people also contribute (for example, emotional support, time, shared interests).
- If one person always gives and the other always takes, friendship can end.
3. Working and commercial relationships
- Employees remain in jobs when salary, benefits and the work environment prevail over stress and workload.
- Companies have customer loyalty by providing better services than competitors.
4. Interactions on social networks and online
- People are committed to social networks when they receive likes, comments and social validation.
- If online interactions become toxic or unsatisfied, users can withdraw.
Critique of the theory of social exchange
- Overestimation on personal interest
- The theory supposes that people always calculate the advantages, but many relationships are based on emotions, confidence and unconditional care.
- Ignore cultural and social factors
- Relations are often shaped by traditions, societal expectations and standards rather than personal awards.
- Fails to explain the altruistic behavior
- Some people help others without expecting anything in return (for example, charity, volunteering).
- Not all relationships are based on calculated exchanges.
- Difficult to quantify the awards and costs
- Emotional satisfaction, love or personal growth cannot always be measured as financial transactions.
Conclusion
The theory of social exchange provides a useful framework for understanding the relationships in terms of rewards and costs. He explains why people maintain or end the relationships according to the advantages perceived. However, he may not fully capture the emotional, cultural and altruistic aspects of human interactions.
Discussion question:
Think of an important relationship in your life. Do you think the exchange is balanced, or do you give more than you receive?
